The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of POLITICAL power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition and situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a historical and hermeneutical turn in philosophy of science that most of his critics, especially Kuhn, fail to recognize. According to his historical view, Popper conceives sciences as a complex of traditions in continuous transformation and progress by means of rational discussion of theories. In order to grasp the rational progress of scientific traditions, Popper proposes an original method that he calls “situational analysis”. This hermeneutical method seeks to understand the concepts, hypotheses, actions, practices, controversies and products that scientists made to solve problems in their specific historical contexts to improve the truth content of theories. In addition to his historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also inquired about the social and POLITICAL conditions for the progress of scientific traditions by means of intersubjective criticism of theories and conjectures. According to him, the rational discussion of ideas requires, as necessary conditions, plurality of ideas, intellectual humility, and freedom of thought and communication that can only exist in an open and democratic society. With these considerations, we may say that in addition to a historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also contributed to a social and POLITICAL turn in the philosophy of science

The primary objective of this article is to elucidate that a comprehensive understanding of Greek POLITICAL thought necessitates an examination of its origins in Ancient Greece. Traditional scholarship in Greek POLITICAL thought has typically assumed that it originated concurrently with philosophy and the establishment of the polis. In this research, drawing upon the visions of Eric Voegelin and Leo Strauss, we endeavor to establish a refined definition of POLITICAL thought while challenging the aforementioned conventional assumption. It is argued that POLITICAL reflection remains intimately intertwined with the theological-mythological beginning of thought in Greece. This theological-mythological mode of thinking initially found expression in the works of Homer and Hesiod, with these poets serving as the foremost intellectual authorities and initial educators of the Greeks. The Greeks, in their self-perception, viewed themselves through a lens of religion and in the mirror of gods and divine forces. Consequently, any exploration into Greek POLITICAL thought must acknowledge the works of these poets as the seminal intellectual foundations of Greek thought. It is imperative to recognize that POLITICAL thought in Ancient Greece did not commence with philosophy or the emergence of the polis, but rather with poetry and a distinct form of religious-mythical experience, namely theologia-muthologia.

This study aimed to answer the first question that "POLITICAL trust STUDENTs what effect they have on POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? " formed. For this hypothesis after extraction and POLITICAL variables that influence trust by relying on ideas raised in this particular model for its combination of research were provided. Testing this theoretical model for all STUDENTs master statistical society, Islamic Azad University Roudehen including 960 people were selected among 170 people samples including 98 females and 72 males were determined. Collecting data from this population sample questionnaire has been used. Publications data by relying on questionnaires with by descriptive and inferential statistics to help software SPSS soft have been analyzed. Analysis of the above eventually reaching out to the variable performance of government institutions, instrumental interactiins, declarative transactions, deserve democracy, media and performance collective with POLITICAL PARTICIPATION a significant relationship exists. The study also determined that the religiosity variables and the level of freedom in POLITICAL activities with no meaningful relationship between POLITICAL PARTICIPATION.

While the importance of social and POLITICAL PARTICIPATION of women in the third World countries is increasing continuously, both for development of these societies and for self-realization of women themselves, it is becoming an essential issue for study. In this paper, we focus on the impact of women's POLITICAL culture on their POLITICAL PARTICIPATION.Referring Inglehart's theory and other theories related to the impact of POLITICAL culture on POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, we advanced our hypotheses.Through a survey, our data were collected and analyzed. The population of the research was women aged 20 and more from the Iranian city of Yazd, from which a random sample of 385 people were selected.The findings indicate that the women's POLITICAL culture effects on their POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. Moreover, all of the dimensions of POLITICAL culture, including the women's attitudes towards the POLITICAL system and the ruling elite, their POLITICAL knowledge, attitudes towards their own POLITICAL capacity, and normatively taking women's POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, had meaningful positive correlation with their POLITICAL PARTICIPATION.

This research aimed at analyzing research on "social media and POLITICAL PARTICIPATION" in two levels of external and internal research, first of all, to examine the strengths and weaknesses of these studies and then compare them. In this meta-analysis, 17 research (9 external and 8 internal) were studied in three theoretical sections (4 criteria), a method (10 criteria) and a cognitive (2) criterion. The meta-analysis shows that the most important strengths of research, the diversity of theoretical approaches, the use of the integrated theoretical framework, the diversity of the statistical society, the variety of sample selection methods, the use of various statistical tests, and, at the same time, with high statistical power, attention The level of micro analysis, diversity in the social media, and attention to the various impacts in the results section And the weaknesses of the researches, the use of some unrelated theoretical approaches and approaches in theoretical foundations, the weak use of the theoretical frameworks defined in the analysis of the findings, the inability to explain the dimensions of POLITICAL PARTICIPATION in the theoretical discussions, the overcoming of the proof paradigm And the method of scrolling, the inability to use qualitative and combination methods, the lack of consideration of tool validity, the lack of use of statistical tests to determine the normality of the sample size for measuring parametric tests, the disability in indexing From POLITICAL PARTICIPATION in the questionnaire and achieving contradictory results in the discussion of the type of effect.